hard是什么意思_hard怎么读_中英文释义(含例句用法)

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure;"a difficult task"
"nesting places on the cliffs are difficult of access"
"difficult times"
"why is it so hard for you to keep a secret?"

dispassionate;"took a hard look"
"a hard bargainer"

resisting weight or pressure

very strong or vigorous;"strong winds"
"a hard left to the chin"
"a knockout punch"
"a severe blow"

characterized by effort to the point of exhaustion; especially physical effort;"worked their arduous way up the mining valley"
"a grueling campaign"
"hard labor"
"heavy work"
"heavy going"
"spent many laborious hours on the project"
"set a punishing pace"

produced without vibration of the vocal cords;"unvoiced consonants such as `p" and `k" and `s""

(of light) transmitted directly from a pointed light source

(of speech sounds); produced with the back of the tongue raised toward or touching the velum;"Russian distinguished between hard consonants and palatalized or soft consonants"

given to excessive indulgence of bodily appetites especially for intoxicating liquors;"a hard drinker"

being distilled rather than fermented; having a high alcoholic content;"hard liquor"

unfortunate or hard to bear;"had hard luck"
"a tough break"

dried out;"hard dry rolls left over from the day before"

Adverb:

with effort or force or vigor;"the team played hard"
"worked hard all day"
"pressed hard on the lever"
"hit the ball hard"
"slammed the door hard"

with firmness;"held hard to the railing"

earnestly or intently;"thought hard about it"
"stared hard at the accused"

causing great damage or hardship;"industries hit hard by the depression"
"she was severely affected by the bank"s failure"

slowly and with difficulty;"prejudices die hard"

indulging excessively;"he drank heavily"

into a solid condition;"concrete that sets hard within a few hours"

very near or close in space or time;"it stands hard by the railroad tracks"
"they were hard on his heels"
"a strike followed hard upon the plant"s opening"

with pain or distress or bitterness;"he took the rejection very hard"

to the full extent possible; all the way;"hard alee"
"the ship went hard astern"
"swung the wheel hard left"

中英词源

hard 坚硬的，坚固的，困难的，艰苦的

来自古英语heard,坚固的，坚硬的，固定的，来自PIE*ker,硬的，词源同democracy,aristocracy.由坚硬的引申词义顽强的，耐受的，环境艰苦的，困难的等多种词义。可能来自PIE*sker,弯，转，编织，词源同cradle,crown.由编织引申词义团结，坚固。

hard: hard: [OE] Hard comes ultimately from a prehistoric Indo-European *krátus, which denoted ‘power, strength’. This original meaning was carried over into Greek krátos ‘strength, power, authority’ (source of the ending -cracy in such English words as democracy and plutocracy), but the Germanic languages took it over mainly in the sense ‘resistant to physical pressure’.

The prehistoric Germanic form *kharthuz produced, besides English hard, German hart, Dutch hard, Swedish hård, and Danish haard. The sense ‘difficult’, incidentally, developed in the 14th and 15th century from the notion ‘resistant to one’s efforts’. A Germanic derived verb *kharthjan ‘harden’ was borrowed into Old French as hardir ‘embolden’, and its past participle hardi ‘bold’ reached English as hardy [13].

Its main modern sense, ‘robust, tough’, presumably a harking back to its distant English relative hard, developed in the 16th century.
=> hardy
hard (adj.): Old English heard "solid and firm, not soft," also, "difficult to endure, carried on with great exertion," also, of persons, "severe, rigorous, harsh, cruel," from Proto-Germanic *hardu- (cognates: Old Saxon hard, Old Frisian herd, Dutch hard, Old Norse harðr "hard," Old High German harto "extremely, very," German hart, Gothic hardus "hard"), from PIE *kortu- (cognates: Greek kratos "strength," kratys "strong"), suffixed form of root *kar-/*ker- "hard."

Meaning "difficult to do" is from c. 1200. Of water, in reference to the presence of mineral salts, 1650s; of consonants, 1775. Hard of hearing preserves obsolete Middle English sense of "having difficulty in doing something." In the sense "strong, spiritous, fermented" from 1789 (as in hard cider, etc.), and this use probably is the origin of that in hard drugs (1955). Hard facts is from 1853; hard news in journalism is from 1918. Hard copy (as opposed to computer record) is from 1964; hard disk is from 1978; the computer hard drive is from 1983. Hard times "period of poverty" is from 1705. Hard money (1706) is specie, as opposed to paper. Hence 19c. U.S. hard (n.) "one who advocates the use of metallic money as the national currency" (1844). To play hard to get is from 1945. Hard rock as a pop music style recorded from 1967. To do something the hard way is from 1907.
hard (adv.): Old English hearde "firmly, severely," from hard (adj.). Meaning "with effort or energy, with difficulty" is late 14c.

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词态变化

比较级 harder;
最高级 hardest;
名词 hardness;

权威造句

1. When life gets hard and you want to give up, remember that life is full of ups and downs, and without the downs, the ups would mean nothing.: 当生活很艰难，你想要放弃的时候，请记住，生活充满了起起落落，如果没有低谷，那站在高处也失去了意义。

2. Talent, hard work and sheer tenacity are all crucial to career success.: 事业要成功，才能、勤奋和顽强的意志都至关重要。

3. The federal government hiked the tax on hard liquor.: 联邦政府提高了烈性酒的税率。

4. People are having to think hard about their holiday plans.: 人们现在得仔细地琢磨自己的度假计划。

5. Many parents find it hard to discourage bad behaviour.: 很多父母觉得要孩子循规蹈矩是件很难的事情。

近反义词

adj.

fierce

forceful

heavy

intense

powerful

severe

strong

violent

difficult

exacting

tough

troublesome

complex

involved

diligent

earnest

enterprising

vigorous

disagreeable

distressing

harsh

oppressive

rough

brutal

stern

strict

adv.

furiously

intently

steadily

heavily

powerfully

strongly

相似短语

be hard at it 专心致志于…,刻苦钻研

hard on 对…很苛刻;对…损害得很厉害

hard at it 拼命工作, 工作卖力

be hard on 对…来说很艰苦,对…很严酷

hard by 在近旁,在…的近旁

at hard edge 用真剑,真刀真枪的

be hard done by 受了委屈,受了不公平对待

as hard as marble 坚硬无比

black hard 半干状态

hard and fast 搁浅，不能动弹；严格的，不能变动的

单词分析

这两个形容词均有“困难”之意。
difficult比hard较为正式，侧重需要特别的能力、智力、判断力、技巧或勇气才能克服障碍。也可指深奥或抽象的难题。
hard含义广，通俗用词，与easy相对，泛指任何难理解，不好处理或不易做的事。

记忆方法

暂无,等待补充.

hard是什么意思，hard怎么读

hard基本信息

英英释义